Study on Static Leaching Kinetics of 210Pb from Uranium Tailings and Multi-factor Interaction Analysis

摘要: Uranium tailings harbor the long-lived, highly biotoxic radionuclide 210Pb alongside associated heavy metals, posing persistent environmental risks. However, comprehensive systematic studies into the leaching mechanisms, kinetics, and interaction of key environmental factors on 210Pb release under static conditions remain critically lacking. To solve the above problems, in this study, the effects of pH, solid-to-liquid ratio, H2O2 concentration, and NaCl concentration on 210Pb leaching were investigated using a custom-designed static leaching device, it was found that lower pH, reduced solid-to-liquid ratio, elevated H2O2 concentration, and higher NaCl concentration are all conducive to enhancing 210Pb leaching rates. Mechanistic analysis reveals that lower pH elevates 210Pb leaching rates and solution-phase concentrations through mineral disintegration, increased specific surface area, and H+-competitive displacement of Pb2+. A lower solid-to-liquid ratio maintains a higher diffusion driving force, enhancing interfacial contact per unit mass of solid with leachant. High-concentration H2O2 disrupts lead-bearing mineral structures via Strong oxidizing capacity, enhancing Pb2+ solubility and altering surface properties to promote desorption. NaCl accelerates 210Pb leaching via Na⁺-competitive ion exchange and Cl⁻-assisted chelation dissolution. The leaching kinetic model was established based on experimental data, then the effect of two-factor interaction on leaching rate was quantified using Box-Behnken design soft, identifying parameter combinations for maximal leaching rates. These findings provide a robust theoretical foundation for predicting the leaching and migration of hazardous elements in uranium tailings under static aquatic environment.